•  
  •  
 

Corresponding Author(s)

韦兰洁（1987—），女，百色学院高级实验师，硕士。E-mail：[email protected]

Abstract

Near -infrared spectroscopy (NIRS ) is valuable in pesticide residue detection for fruits and vegetables due to its nondestructive, rapid, and efficient nature. This review summarizes current research status in this field, compares the applicability of different spectral bands and imaging techniques, and analyzes challenges in single and mixed pesticide residue detection alongside enhancement strategies. Additionally, approaches to spectral preprocessing and feature wavelength selection are examined, with performance comparisons between chemometrics and deep learning models. Furthermore, the role of calibration transfer and transfer learning is discussed in improving model generalization across instruments and crop varieties. With continuous advancements in spectral instrumentation and intelligent algorithms, NIRS is expected to transition from laboratory analysis to on -site monitoring, offering a green and efficient solution for agricultural product safety supervision.

Publication Date

10-21-2026

First Page

236

Last Page

242

DOI

10.13652/j.spjx.1003.5788.2025.81070

References

[1] 吴汉彬.QuEChERS- 气相色谱串联质谱法同时测定茶叶中6种农药残留 [J].食品与机械,2023,39(6):55-58,111.Wu H B.Simultaneous determination of 6 pesticide residues in tea by QuEChERS-GS-MS/MS [J].Food & Machinery,2023,39(6):55-58,111.

[2] 田菊,李勇,吕春茂,等.桃胶中多农药残留分析及风险评估[J].食品与机械,2023,39(5):55-63,100.Tian J,Li Y,Lv C M,et al.Analysis and risk assessment of pesticide residues in peach gum [J].Food & Machinery,2023,39(5):55-63,100.

[3] Dai Q F,Luo Z,Li Z,et al.Field-based,non-destructive,and rapid detection of pesticide residues on kumquat (Citrus japonica ) surfaces using handheld spectrometer and 1D-ResNet[J].Agronomy,2025,15(3):625.

[4] Abdul R,Riana L,Fajar Aji L.Near infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR ) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for agrifood products analysis [M]// Chemometrics.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2024:125-146.

[5] Chen Y,Gao R Z,Xiang J X,et al.Progress of near infrared spectroscopy in tea research [J].Food Chemistry,2025,487:144691.

[6] Caredda M,Dedola A S,Pes M,et al.The use of NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify the thermal treatment of milk in fiore sardo PDO cheese to detect fraud [J].Foods,2025,14(13):2 288.

[7] Beć K B,Grabska J,Badzoka J,et al.Spectra-structure correlations in NIR region of polymers from quantum chemical calculations.The cases of aromatic ring,C=O,C≡N and C—Cl functionalities [J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2021,262:120085.

[8] 荀拾虎,咸嘉玮,王微娜,等.基于光谱图像融合技术的蓝莓品质在线评价系统设计与应用 [J].食品与机械,2025,41(12):82-90.Xun S H,Xian J W,Wang W N,et al.Design and application of an online evaluation system for blueberry quality based on spectral image fusion technology [J].Food & Machinery,2025,41(12):82-90.

[9] Cozzolino D,Bureš D,Hoffman L C.Evaluating the use of a similarity index (SI) combined with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as method in meat species authenticity [J].Foods,2023,12(1):182.

[10] Calle J L P,Punta-Sánchez I,González-De-Peredo A V,et al.Rapid and automated method for detecting and quantifying adulterations in high-quality honey using vis-NIRs in combination with machine learning [J].Foods,2023,12(13):2 491.

[11] Lapcharoensuk R,Fhaykamta C,Anurak W,et al.Nondestructive detection of pesticide residue (Chlorpyrifos ) on |bok choi (Brassica rapa subsp.chinensis ) using a portable NIR spectrometer coupled with a machine learning approach[J].Foods,2023,12(5):955.

[12] He H Y,Li Z T,Qin Q,et al.Spectroscopic and imaging technologies combined with machine learning for intelligent perception of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables [J].Foods,2025,14(15):2 679.

[13] Zohar E,Cohen H,Goldshlager N,et al.Detection of the amitraz pesticide in bee wax by hyperspectral imaging [J].Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization,2024,18(4):3 008-3 017.

[14] Hu Y T,Ma B X,Wang H T,et al.Non-destructive detection of different pesticide residues on the surface of Hami melon classification based on tHBA-ELM algorithm and SWIR hyperspectral imaging [J].Foods,2023,12(9):1 773.

[15] Hu Y T,Ma B X,Wang H T,et al.Detecting different pesticide residues on Hami melon surface using hyperspectral imaging combined with 1D-CNN and information fusion [J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2023,14:1105601.

[16] Semyalo D,Joshi R,Kim Y,et al.Short-wavelength infrared hyperspectral imaging and spectral unmixing techniques for detection and distribution of pesticide residues on edible perilla leaves [J].Foods,2025,14(16):2 864.

[17] Tan H B,Ma B X,Xu Y,et al.An innovative variant based on generative adversarial network (GAN ):regression GAN combined with hyperspectral imaging to predict pesticide residue content of Hami melon [J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2025,325:125086.

[18] Beć K B,Grabska J,Huck C W.Principles and applications of miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers [J].Chemistry-A European Journal,2021,27(5):1 514-1 532.

[19] Iris Technology Solutions.What is the best handheld NIR analyzer on the market ? A comparison between Visum Palm ™ and other portable NIR devices [EB/OL ].(2025 -07-29) [2025 -11-25].https://www.iris-eng.com/the-best-handheld-nir-analyzer-visum-palm/.

[20] Nasir V,Schimleck L,Abdoli F,et al.Quality control of thermally modified western hemlock wood using near-infrared spectroscopy and explainable machine learning [J].Polymers,2023,15(20):4 147.

[21] Chen H M,Wang H C,Sung C C,et al.Validation of subpixel target detection and linear spectral unmixing techniques on short-wave infrared hyperspectral images of collagen phantoms[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2025,30(2):023518.

[22] Steidle Neto A J,De Lima J L M P,Da Rosa Ferraz Jardim A M,et al.Discrimination of fungicide-contaminated lettuces based on maximum residue limits using spectroscopy and chemometrics [J].Horticulturae,2024,10(8):828.

[23] 冯镇,刘馨,张震,等.基于近红外光谱技术对小麦中毒死蜱农药残留测定方法的研究 [J].食品工业科技,2022,43(4):271-277.Feng Z,Liu X,Zhang Z,et al.Determination of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in wheat based on near infrared spectroscopy[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2022,43(4):271-277.

[24] Yaemsuk N,Yammen S.Development of a portable NIR spectrometer for detecting pesticide residues [J].Asian Health,Science and Technology Reports,2024,32(1):32-48.

[25] Yan F C,Zhang R,Wang S Q,et al.A pesticide residue detection model for food based on NIR and SERS [J].PLoS One,2025,20(4):e0320456.

[26] Sankom A,Mahakarnchanakul W,Rittiron R,et al.Detection of profenofos in Chinese kale,cabbage,and chili spur pepper using Fourier transform near-infrared and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopies [J].ACS Omega,2021,6(40):26 404-26 415.

[27] Xu S L,Li M,Li X,et al.Engineering an Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticle-based acetylcholinesterase SERS biosensor for in situ sensitive detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in food [J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2023,415(1):203-210.

[28] Malegori C,Muncan J,Mustorgi E,et al.Analysing the water spectral pattern by near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics as a dynamic multidimensional biomarker in preservation:rice germ storage monitoring [J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2022,265:120396.

[29] Appaw W,Zaukuu J Z,Aouadi B,et al.Predicting aflatoxin contamination in white and yellow maize using Vis/NIR spectroscopy combined with PCA-LDA and PLSR models through aquaphotomics approaches [J].Applied Food Research,2025,5(1):100841.

[30] Ye W X,Yan T Y,Zhang C,et al.Detection of pesticide residue level in grape using hyperspectral imaging with machine learning [J].Foods,2022,11(11):1 609.

[31] Pham U T,Phan Q H T,Nguyen L P,et al.Rapid quantitative determination of multiple pesticide residues in mango fruits by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [J].Processes,2022,10(3):442.

[32] Zhang M Y,Xue J X,Li Y D,et al.Non-destructive detection and recognition of pesticide residue levels on cauliflowers using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics [J].Journal of Food Science,2023,88(10):4 327-4 342.

[33] Nazarloo A S,Sharabiani V R,Gilandeh Y A,et al.Evaluation of different models for non-destructive detection of tomato pesticide residues based on near-infrared spectroscopy [J].Sensors,2021,21(9):3 032.

[34] Li R,Wang H W,Shen B B,et al.Study on dissipation law of pesticides in cauliflower based on hyperspectral image technique [J].Agriculture,2023,13(12):2 254.

[35] 李伟,张雪莉,苏勤,等.可见近红外光谱的甘蓝叶片毒死蜱农药残留定性分析 [J].光谱学与光谱分析,2022,42(1):80-85.Li W,Zhang X L,Su Q,et al.Qualitative analysis of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in cabbage leaves based on visible near infrared spectroscopy [J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2022,42(1):80-85.

[36] Chaudhary S,Senthilkumar T,Singh C B,et al.Determination of glyphosate residues in lentils using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging coupled with chemometric regression techniques [J].Infrared Physics & Technology,2025,150:106034.

[37] Xie L Y,Zhu J G,Wang Y J,et al.Rapid and accurate determination of prohibited components in pesticides based on near infrared spectroscopy [J].Infrared Physics & Technology,2022,121:104038.

[38] Lu Y,Li X L,Li W J,et al.Detection of chlorpyrifos and carbendazim residues in the cabbage using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics [J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2021,257:119759.

[39] Ferreira I J S,Dos Santos Costa D,Rolim L A,et al.Monitoring pesticides with portable NIR spectroscopy in different intact fruits [J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2025,148:108024.

[40] Şahin E,Arslan N N,Özdemir D.Unlocking the black box:an in-depth review on interpretability,explainability,and reliability in deep learning [J].Neural Computing and Applications,2025,37(2):859-965.

[41] Contreras J,Bocklitz T.Explainable artificial intelligence for spectroscopy data:a review [J].Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology,2025,477(4):603-615.

[42] Wu T,Li L,Zhu L H,et al.Nondestructive detection of thiophanate-methyl pesticide content in cherry tomato based on handheld spectrometer and SpecTransformer algorithm [J].Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization,2025,19(5):3 048-3 060.

[43] Mishra P,Passos D.Deep calibration transfer:transferring deep learning models between infrared spectroscopy instruments [J].Infrared Physics & Technology,2021,117:103863.

[44] Zheng K Y,Shang X W,Qin Z,et al.Recent advances in SERS-based detection of organophosphorus pesticides in food:a critical and comprehensive review [J].Foods,2025,14(21):3 683.

[45] Deng J H,Mei C L,Jiang H.Enhancing the application of near-infrared spectroscopy in grain mycotoxin detection:an exploration of a transfer learning approach across contaminants and grains [J].Food Chemistry,2025,480:143854.

[46] Xiao Q L,Tang W T,Zhang C,et al.Spectral preprocessing combined with deep transfer learning to evaluate chlorophyll content in cotton leaves [J].Plant Phenomics,2022,2 022:9813841.

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.