Abstract
Ethyl carbamate, a group 2A carcinogen, has been widely detected in fermented foods and its safety has drawn increasing attention. Many countries have established limits for ethyl carbamate in fermented foods. This article reviews the contamination situation of ethyl carbamate, systematically summarizes and compares the detection methods of ethyl carbamate reported in both domestic and international literature in recent years, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemical sensor method, paper strip colorimetry, and immunoassay. Finally, this article proposes the future development directions of residual detection technology for ethyl carbamate in fermented foods.
Publication Date
10-21-2026
First Page
228
Last Page
235
DOI
10.13652/j.spjx.1003.5788.2025.80888
Recommended Citation
Yue, Wang; Yongpeng, Zhao; Siqi, Wang; Suyi, Zhang; Zonghua, Ao; Shuliang, Liu; and Jianlong, Li
(2026)
"Advances in the detection of ethyl carbamate in fermented foods,"
Food and Machinery: Vol. 42:
Iss.
9, Article 26.
DOI: 10.13652/j.spjx.1003.5788.2025.80888
Available at:
https://www.ifoodmm.cn/journal/vol42/iss9/26
References
[1] Diez-Ozaeta I,Astiazaran O J.Fermented foods:an update on evidence-based health benefits and future perspectives [J].Food Research International,2022,156:111133.
[2] Shalamitskiy M Y,Tanashchuk T N,Cherviak S N,et al.Ethyl carbamate in fermented food products:sources of appearance,hazards and methods for reducing its content [J].Foods,2023,12(20):3 816.
[3] 王根杰,李德美,张亚东,等.不同产区葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯产量的比较 [J].食品与生物技术学报,2020,39(1):93-98.Wang G J,Li D M,Zhang Y D,et al.Comparative analysis of ethyl carbamate content in the wines from different areas [J].Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology,2020,39(1):93-98.
[4] 马晓驰,金诺,刘佳萌,等.发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯检测方法的研究进展 [J].中国食物与营养,2021,27(5):13-18.Ma X C,Jin N,Liu J M,et al.Research advancements on detection methods of ethyl carbamate in fermented food [J].Food and Nutrition in China,2021,27(5):13-18.
[5] 周雪燕,石淼,康宁,等.氨基甲酸乙酯降解酶的固定化研究[J].食品与生物技术学报,2021,40(6):65-75.Zhou X Y,Shi M,Kang N,et al.Study on immobilization of urethanase [J].Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology,2021,40(6):65-75.
[6] Wang C,Wang M,Zhang M P.Ethyl carbamate in Chinese liquor (Baijiu ):presence,analysis,formation,and control [J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2021,105(11):4 383-4 395.
[7] Chen Y,Zeng W Z,Fang F,et al.Elimination of ethyl carbamate in fermented foods [J].Food Bioscience,2022,47:101725.
[8] Jung S,Kim S,Kim I,et al.Risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages in Korea using the margin of exposure approach and cancer risk assessment [J].Food Control,2021,124:107867.
[9] Beland F A,Benson R W,Mellick P W,et al.Effect of ethanol on the tumorigenicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate ) in B6C3F1 mice [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2005,43(1):1-19.
[10] Abt E,Incorvati V,Robin L P,et al.Occurrence of ethyl carbamate in foods and beverages:review of the formation mechanisms,advances in analytical methods,and mitigation strategies [J].Journal of Food Protection,2021,84(12):2 195-2 212.
[11] 周凯,唐冰娥,徐振林,等.发酵食品中氨基甲酸乙酯形成机理和快速检测方法研究进展 [J].生物加工过程,2018,16(2):31-41.Zhou K,Tang B E,Xu Z L,et al.Research progress in formation and rapid detection of ethyl carbamate in fermentation foods [J].Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering,2018,16(2):31-41.
[12] Lim H S,Lee K G.Development and validation of analytical methods for ethyl carbamate in various fermented foods [J].Food Chemistry,2011,126(3):1 373-1 379.
[13] GB/T 34266—2017 黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯预防控制技术措施指南 [S].GB/T 34266—2017 Guidelines for the prevention and reduction of ethyl carbamte contamination in Chinese rice wine [S].
[14] GB 5009.223—2014 食品中氨基甲酸乙酯的测定 [S].GB 5009.223—2014 Determination of ethyl carbamate in food [S].
[15] SN/T 0285—2012 出口酒中氨基甲酸乙酯残留量检测方法气相色谱—质谱法 [S].SN/T 0285—2012 Determination of ethyl carbamate residues in alcohol for export —GC-MS [S].
[16] 吴天俣,刘珊,王宗义,等.盐辅助分散液液微萃取 /GC-MS/MS检测腐乳、酸乳和面包中的氨基甲酸乙酯 [J].食品科技,2020,45(10):302-306.Wu T Y,Liu S,Wang Z Y,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented bean curd,yoghurt and bread by GC-MS/MS with salt assisted liquid microextraction [J].Food Science and Technology,2020,45(10):302-306.
[17] 王军喜,何一龙,刘晓艳,等.市售高盐稀态酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯含量的调查分析 [J].食品工业,2020,41(11):226-229.Wang J X,He Y L,Liu X Y,et al.Investigation and analysis on the content of ethyl carbamate in soy sauce [J].The Food Industry,2020,41(11):226-229.
[18] 黄海.四川浓香型原酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量的测定以及氨基化磁珠富集白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的研究 [D].南昌:南昌大学,2023:13-34.Huang H.Investigation of ethyl carbamate content in Sichuan Nongxiangxing original wine and amino groups modified magnetic beads for the ethyl carbamate enrichment from the liqueur [D].Nanchang:Nanchang University,2023:13-34.
[19] 卓俊纳,吴卫宇,陈静,等.三种香型白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的研究及聚类分析 [J].酿酒科技,2021 (8):22-27.Zhuo J N,Wu W Y,Chen J,et al.GC-MS and cluster analysis of ethyl carbamate in Baijiu of three flavor types [J].Liquor-Making Science & Technology,2021 (8):22-27.
[20] 陈艳,刘冲,张国宇,等.UPLC-MS/MS 法同时测定白酒中氨基甲酸甲酯和氨基甲酸乙酯 [J].酿酒科技,2023 (9):47-52.Chen Y,Liu C,Zhang G Y,et al.Simultaneous determination of methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate in Baijiu by UPLC-MS/MS [J].Liquor-Making Science & Technology,2023 (9):47-52.
[21] 董文静,何啸峰,沈洁,等.固相萃取—气相色谱串联质谱法测定梅州地区客家娘酒中的氨基甲酸乙酯及其食用风险评估[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2021,12(9):3 508-3 513.Dong W J,He X F,Shen J,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in Hakkaniang wine in Meizhou region by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its edible risk assessment [J].Journal of Food Safety & Quality,2021,12(9):3 508-3 513.
[22] 王雅楠,郭欣然,王宗义,等.盐辅助分散液液微萃取—气相色谱—串联质谱法检测葡萄酒中的氨基甲酸乙酯 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2020,11(5):1 364-1 368.Wang Y N,Guo X R,Wang Z Y,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in wine by salt-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J].Journal of Food Safety & Quality,2020,11(5):1 364-1 368.
[23] Wang Z F,Qu P F,Zhao Y F,et al.A nationwide survey and risk assessment of ethyl carbamate exposure due to daily intake of alcoholic beverages in the Chinese general population[J].Foods,2023,12(16):3 129.
[24] 熊晓通,胡峰,尤小龙,等.超高效液相色谱—高分辨质谱测定白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量 [J].食品科学,2021,42(8):283-287.Xiong X T,Hu F,You X L,et al.Determination and quantitation of ethyl carbamate in Chinese Baijiu by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry [J].Food Science,2021,42(8):283-287.
[25] 黄雄伟,李文祥,曾宪峰,等.湘产浓香型白酒酿造过程中氨基甲酸乙酯含量变化规律 [J].食品与机械,2022,38(12):28-31.Huang X W,Li W X,Zeng X F,et al.Variation of ethyl carbamate content in the brewing process of strong-flavour liquor in Hunan Province [J].Food & Machinery,2022,38(12):28-31.
[26] 王开宇,左惠君,于欣欣,等.同位素稀释—气质法测定白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的测量不确定度评定 [J].食品与机械,2021,37(5):66-72.Wang K Y,Zuo H J,Yu X X,et al.Evaluation of uncertainty in the determination of ethyl carbamate in Chinese spirits by isotope dilution GC-MS method [J].Food & Machinery,2021,37(5):66-72.
[27] 张云霞,余佶,李运通,等.基于近红外光谱法的馥郁香型白酒基酒中 4种主要有机酸检测模型构建 [J].食品与机械,2025,41(4):72-80.Zhang Y X,Yu J,Li Y T,et al.Detection modelling of four major organic acids in the base wine of Fuyuxiangxing crude Baijiu based on near-infrared spectroscopy [J].Food & Machinery,2025,41(4):72-80.
[28] 黄河鸥,吴成,杨少娟,等.酱香型白酒窖泥中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及全基因组测序分析 [J].食品与生物技术学报,2025,44(8):87-96.Huang H O,Wu C,Yang S G,et al.Isolation,identification,and whole genome sequencing of lactic acid bacteria from pit mud of Jiangxiangxing Baijiu [J].Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology,2025,44(8):87-96.
[29] Kusonić D,Bijelić K,Kladar N,et al.Health risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in fruit spirits [J].Food Additives & Contaminants:Part B,2023,16(4):393-403.
[30] Deák E,Gyepes A,Stefanovits-Bányai É,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in pálinka spirits by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization [J].Food Research International,2010,43(10):2 452-2 455.
[31] Park S R,Ha S D,Yoon J H,et al.Exposure to ethyl carbamate in alcohol-drinking and nondrinking adults and its reduction by simple charcoal filtration [J].Food Control,2009,20(10):946-952.
[32] Sýs M,Dejmková H,Toušková M,et al.A novel derivatization method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in spirits by liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection [J].Microchemical Journal,2024,200:110447.
[33] 马菊兰,李晓婷,刘墩福,等.青稞酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量的检测方法 [J].酿酒,2023,50(2):112-114.Ma J L,Li X T,Liu D F,et al.Detection method of ethyl carbamate content in highland barley wine [J].Liquor Making,2023,50(2):112-114.
[34] Šantrůčková V,Fischer J,Klikarová J.A rapid and improved method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in foodstuffs of different matrices [J].Analytical Methods,2024,16(28):4 733-4 742.
[35] 尹艳艳,黎露露,杨军林,等.同位素内标—超高效液相色谱—高分辨质谱法测定酒醅中氨基甲酸乙酯 [J].食品安全质量检测学报,2022,13(23):7 807-7 814.Yin Y Y,Li L L,Yang J L,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented grains by isotope internal standard-ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry [J].Journal of Food Safety & Quality,2022,13(23):7 807-7 814.
[36] 常瑞红,刁亚琴,郭亚飞,等.气相色谱—质谱联用法检测酒醅 中 氨 基 甲 酸 乙 酯 的 方 法 研 究 [J].酿 酒 科 技,2022 (8):131-134.Chang R H,Diao Y Q,Guo Y F,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented grains by GC-MS [J].Liquor-Making Science & Technology,2022 (8):131-134.
[37] Ma Z X,Zhao T Y,Cui S Y,et al.Determination of ethyl carbamate in wine by matrix modification-assisted headspace single-drop microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique [J].Food Chemistry,2022,373:131573.
[38] Neto P S,Bispo De Oliveira J,Magalhães Alvarenga F B,et al.Development of a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method to ensure the conformity of cachaça for ethyl carbamate by GCxGC/FID [J].Food Control,2025,172:111187.
[39] Wu G J,Qiu H M,Du C X,et al.Intelligent onsite dual-modal assay based on oxidase-like fluorescence carbon dots-driven competitive effect for ethyl carbamate detection [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2024,474:134707.
[40] Han L X,Meng C,Zhang D W,et al.Fabrication of a fluorescence probe via molecularly imprinted polymers on carbazole-based covalent organic frameworks for optosensing of ethyl carbamate in fermented alcoholic beverages [J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2022,1 192:339381.
[41] Han L X,Zhu P,Liu H L,et al.Molecularly imprinted bulk and solgel optosensing based on biomass carbon dots derived from watermelon peel for detection of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages [J].Microchimica Acta,2022,189(8):286.
[42] 赵晶蕊,王亚敏,袁雨汛,等.葡萄蒸馏酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的SERS检测研究 [J].光谱学与光谱分析,2024,44(9):2 467-2 475.Zhao J R,Wang Y M,Yuan Y X,et al.Study on SERS detection of ethyl carbamate in grape spirit [J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2024,44(9):2 467-2 475.[43] Li C,Zhang X A,Tang Q Y,et al.Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for ethyl carbamate detection in Baijiu based on "on-off" nanozyme-catalyzing process [J].Food Chemistry,2024,453:139626.
[44] Zheng W Q,Yao M C,Leng Y J,et al.Direct detection of ethyl carbamate in Baijiu by molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors based on perovskite and graphene oxide [J].Food Chemistry:X,2024,23:101752.
[45] Zheng W Q,Xiong R,Yu X,et al.Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on functionalized MoS2 nanosheets modified LaMnO3 nanocubes for the detection of ethyl carbamate in Baijiu [J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2025,139:107126.
[46] Zhang Z W,Lu X X,Tian Y P,et al.High-sensitive electrochemical determination of ethyl carbamate using urethanase and glutamate dehydrogenase modified electrode[J].Electroanalysis,2017,29(2):481-488.
[47] Qiu Z L,Lin X T,Lei Y F,et al.Contactless photoelectrochemical biosensors based on hierarchical MXene/Bi2S3 nanosheets with the branched hybridization chain reaction [J].Biosensors and Bioelectronics,2024,243:115764.
[48] Jiang X Y,Xie Y Q,Wan D J,et al.Simultaneously detecting ethyl carbamate and its precursors in rice wine based on a pH-responsive electrochemical impedance sensor [J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2020,1 126:124-132.
[49] Wu L,Wang Y S,Zhou S H,et al.Enzyme-induced Cu2+/Cu+ conversion as the electrochemical signal for sensitive detection of ethyl carbamate [J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2021,1 151:338256.
[50] Xia L,Yang Y X,Yang H Q,et al.Screening and identification of an aptamer as novel recognition molecule in the test strip and its application for visual detection of ethyl carbamate in liquor [J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2022,1 226:340289.
[51] Xia L,Zheng J,Su J,et al.Portable paper-based sheet for visual detection of ethyl carbamate in Chinese Baijiu based on aptamer recognition and laccase-like activity of cubic Ag2O nanoparticles [J].Food Bioscience,2025,63:105594.
[52] Yang H L,Xia L,Li L T,et al.Design an aptamer-recognized visual nanozyme sheet for rapid detection of ethyl carbamate in liquor [J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2024,128:106077.
[53] Fu H J,Chen Z J,Wang H,et al.Development of a sensitive non-competitive immunoassay via immuno complex binding peptide for the determination of ethyl carbamate in wine samples [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,406:124288.
